CVE-2025-1676 in Education and Training System
Summary
by MITRE • 02/25/2025
A vulnerability classified as critical was found in hzmanyun Education and Training System 3.1.1. Affected by this vulnerability is the function pdf2swf of the file /pdf2swf. The manipulation of the argument file leads to os command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
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Analysis
by VulDB Data Team • 01/29/2026
The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-1676 represents a critical security flaw within the hzmanyun Education and Training System version 3.1.1, specifically targeting the pdf2swf functionality located at /pdf2swf. This system serves educational institutions and training organizations, making the potential impact of this vulnerability particularly concerning for organizations handling sensitive academic and personal data. The flaw manifests through improper input validation within the file processing function, creating an avenue for malicious actors to execute arbitrary operating system commands. The vulnerability's classification as critical indicates the potential for severe consequences including complete system compromise, data exfiltration, and unauthorized access to sensitive educational information. The attack vector is remote, meaning that adversaries can exploit this vulnerability without requiring physical access to the target system, significantly expanding the attack surface and potential impact.
The technical exploitation of this vulnerability occurs through os command injection, where an attacker can manipulate the file argument passed to the pdf2swf function to inject malicious commands that will be executed by the underlying operating system. This type of vulnerability is categorized under CWE-77 as "Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')", which is a well-documented weakness in software security that allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands on the target system. The injection occurs when user-supplied input is directly incorporated into system commands without proper sanitization or validation, enabling attackers to bypass normal access controls and execute commands with the privileges of the affected application. The pdf2swf component specifically processes pdf files and converts them to swf format, making this conversion process a prime target for command injection attacks.
The operational impact of this vulnerability extends beyond simple unauthorized access, as successful exploitation can result in complete system compromise, data theft, and potential lateral movement within network environments. Organizations utilizing the hzmanyun Education and Training System may experience significant disruption to their educational services, potential exposure of student records, and compromise of institutional data integrity. The public disclosure of the exploit increases the likelihood of widespread exploitation, as threat actors can readily leverage this knowledge to target vulnerable systems. Educational institutions may face regulatory compliance issues, legal ramifications, and reputational damage if sensitive student information is compromised. The remote nature of the attack means that organizations cannot rely on network segmentation or physical security measures to protect against this specific vulnerability, requiring immediate remediation efforts.
Mitigation strategies for CVE-2025-1676 must prioritize immediate patching of the affected hzmanyun Education and Training System version 3.1.1 to address the command injection vulnerability. Organizations should implement input validation and sanitization measures to prevent malicious input from reaching system commands, following principles aligned with the OWASP Top Ten security practices. Network segmentation should be implemented to limit access to the affected system, while monitoring and logging should be enhanced to detect potential exploitation attempts. The principle of least privilege should be enforced, ensuring that the pdf2swf function operates with minimal required permissions to reduce potential damage from successful exploitation. Security teams should also consider implementing web application firewalls and intrusion detection systems to monitor for exploitation attempts, as recommended by the MITRE ATT&CK framework for command and control activities. Regular security assessments and vulnerability scanning should be conducted to identify similar weaknesses in other components of the educational system infrastructure, preventing cascading security failures that could result from interconnected vulnerabilities.