CVE-2025-28025 in A830R
Summary
by MITRE • 04/23/2025
TOTOLINK A830R V4.1.2cu.5182_B20201102, A950RG V4.1.2cu.5161_B20200903, A3000RU V5.9c.5185_B20201128, and A3100R V4.1.2cu.5247_B20211129 were found to contain a buffer overflow vulnerability in downloadFile.cgi through the v14 parameter.
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Analysis
by VulDB Data Team • 05/25/2025
The vulnerability identified in CVE-2025-28025 represents a critical buffer overflow condition affecting multiple TOTOLINK router models including A830R, A950RG, A3000RU, and A3100R. This flaw exists within the downloadFile.cgi script which processes the v14 parameter, creating an opportunity for remote code execution and system compromise. The affected firmware versions indicate these vulnerabilities have been present for several years, suggesting a prolonged window of potential exploitation. The buffer overflow occurs when the v14 parameter is processed without proper input validation or bounds checking, allowing an attacker to supply excessive data that overflows the allocated memory buffer.
The technical implementation of this vulnerability stems from inadequate parameter handling within the web interface of these routers. When the downloadFile.cgi script processes the v14 parameter, it fails to validate the input length against the allocated buffer size, creating a classic stack-based buffer overflow condition. This type of vulnerability falls under CWE-121 Stack-based Buffer Overflow, where insufficient bounds checking allows attackers to overwrite adjacent memory locations. The operational impact is severe as this vulnerability can be exploited remotely without authentication, potentially allowing attackers to execute arbitrary code on the affected devices. The compromised routers could serve as entry points for broader network infiltration, enabling attackers to establish persistent access or launch further attacks against connected systems.
From an operational security perspective, this vulnerability creates significant risk for organizations and individuals using these router models. The lack of authentication requirements for exploitation means that any attacker with network access can potentially compromise the device. The affected TOTOLINK models represent a substantial portion of consumer and small office networking equipment, increasing the potential attack surface. Security professionals should note that this vulnerability aligns with ATT&CK technique T1059.007 for Command and Scripting Interpreter, as successful exploitation would allow execution of commands on the affected devices. The compromised routers could be used as command and control centers for botnet operations or to facilitate lateral movement within networks. Organizations should immediately assess their network exposure and implement network segmentation to limit the potential impact of successful exploitation.
Mitigation strategies for CVE-2025-28025 should prioritize firmware updates from TOTOLINK, as these devices are likely vulnerable to remote code execution. Network administrators should implement network segmentation and access control lists to limit exposure of these devices to untrusted networks. Monitoring for unusual network traffic patterns or unauthorized device access attempts can help detect potential exploitation attempts. Additionally, implementing intrusion detection systems with signatures for known exploitation patterns related to buffer overflow vulnerabilities can provide early warning of attempted exploitation. The vulnerability demonstrates the importance of proper input validation and bounds checking in web applications, particularly in embedded systems where resource constraints may lead to insufficient security measures. Organizations should also consider conducting comprehensive network audits to identify all affected devices and ensure proper patch management protocols are in place to prevent similar vulnerabilities from being introduced in the future.