CVE-2025-36895 in Android
Summary
by MITRE • 09/04/2025
Information disclosure
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Analysis
by VulDB Data Team • 07/15/2026
Information disclosure vulnerabilities represent a critical class of security flaws that allow unauthorized parties to access sensitive data, system information, or confidential resources. These vulnerabilities occur when systems fail to properly restrict access to information or when they inadvertently expose data through improper error handling, insecure configurations, or flawed authentication mechanisms. The underlying technical flaw typically stems from inadequate input validation, insufficient access controls, or poor output sanitization that enables attackers to extract valuable intelligence about the target system, its configuration, or its data assets.
The operational impact of information disclosure vulnerabilities can be severe and multifaceted across different attack vectors and threat scenarios. When attackers successfully exploit these flaws, they gain access to sensitive data including user credentials, system configurations, network topology information, application source code, database schemas, or business-critical documents. This intelligence can then be leveraged for more sophisticated attacks such as privilege escalation, lateral movement within networks, or targeted social engineering campaigns. The vulnerability often maps directly to CWE-200 - "Information Exposure" which encompasses various subcategories including exposure of system information, exposure of sensitive data, and exposure of detailed error messages that reveal internal system details. From an adversarial perspective, these vulnerabilities align with multiple ATT&CK techniques including T1082 - "System Information Discovery" and T1566 - "Phishing for Information" where the initial reconnaissance phase relies heavily on information gathering.
Several common patterns contribute to information disclosure vulnerabilities across different software systems and environments. Web applications frequently expose sensitive data through improper error handling mechanisms that display stack traces, database connection strings, or internal file paths when processing user requests. Configuration files, backup copies, and temporary files often contain unencrypted credentials or system information that remains accessible due to misconfigured access controls. Additionally, applications may inadvertently reveal system details through verbose logging practices, exposed API endpoints, or insecure default settings that provide attackers with comprehensive knowledge about the target infrastructure. The vulnerability commonly manifests in scenarios involving insufficient input validation where user-supplied data is directly processed without proper sanitization, leading to information leakage through various channels including HTTP responses, log files, or database entries.
Mitigation strategies for information disclosure vulnerabilities require a comprehensive approach addressing both design and operational aspects of system security. Organizations should implement robust input validation and output encoding practices to prevent sensitive information from being exposed through application interfaces. Proper error handling mechanisms must be configured to provide generic error messages to users while logging detailed technical information securely for administrators. Access controls should be strictly enforced using principle of least privilege concepts, ensuring that only authorized personnel can access sensitive data or system information. Regular security assessments including penetration testing and vulnerability scanning should identify potential exposure points before they can be exploited by malicious actors. Additionally, implementing proper configuration management practices, secure coding standards, and regular security training for development teams helps prevent the introduction of information disclosure vulnerabilities during the software development lifecycle. The mitigation approach should align with industry frameworks such as NIST SP 800-53 controls for information system security and follow established security best practices from organizations like OWASP and SANS Institute to ensure comprehensive protection against these pervasive threats.