CVE-2025-4841 in DCS-932L
Summary
by MITRE • 05/18/2025
A vulnerability was found in D-Link DCS-932L 2.18.01 and classified as critical. Affected by this issue is the function sub_404780 of the file /bin/gpio. The manipulation of the argument CameraName leads to stack-based buffer overflow. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
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Analysis
by VulDB Data Team • 05/18/2025
The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-4841 represents a critical stack-based buffer overflow flaw in D-Link DCS-932L security cameras running firmware version 2.18.01. This issue resides within the binary file /bin/gpio and specifically targets the sub_404780 function, which processes the CameraName argument. The vulnerability's classification as critical stems from its remote exploitability and the potential for arbitrary code execution on affected devices. The flaw demonstrates a classic buffer overflow condition where insufficient input validation allows an attacker to overwrite adjacent memory locations on the stack, potentially leading to complete system compromise.
The technical implementation of this vulnerability involves the manipulation of the CameraName parameter through network-based interfaces, exploiting a lack of proper bounds checking in the gpio binary. When an attacker crafts a specially formatted CameraName argument exceeding the allocated buffer space, the excess data overflows into adjacent stack memory, potentially corrupting return addresses and execution pointers. This type of vulnerability maps directly to CWE-121 Stack-based Buffer Overflow, which is categorized under the broader weakness of buffer overflows that occur when data is written beyond the boundaries of a fixed-length buffer. The attack surface is particularly concerning as it allows for remote exploitation without requiring physical access to the device, making it accessible to threat actors globally.
The operational impact of CVE-2025-4841 extends beyond simple device compromise to potentially enable persistent surveillance and data exfiltration capabilities. Once exploited, attackers can gain root-level access to the camera's embedded operating system, allowing them to install backdoors, modify firmware, or establish persistent command and control channels. The vulnerability's exploitation risk is heightened by the fact that it has been publicly disclosed and is already being used in the wild, as indicated by the advisory. Given that the affected DCS-932L models are no longer supported by D-Link, users face limited options for official patches or updates, making this vulnerability particularly dangerous for organizations that have not yet migrated away from these legacy devices.
Security professionals should treat this vulnerability as a high-priority concern for any organization maintaining D-Link DCS-932L cameras in their network infrastructure. The lack of vendor support for these devices means that traditional mitigation approaches such as firmware updates are not available, necessitating alternative defensive measures. Organizations should consider network segmentation to isolate these devices from critical infrastructure, implement strict firewall rules to restrict access to camera management interfaces, and deploy network monitoring solutions to detect anomalous traffic patterns that might indicate exploitation attempts. From an ATT&CK framework perspective, this vulnerability aligns with techniques such as T1059 Command and Scripting Interpreter and T1071 Application Layer Protocol, as exploitation typically involves executing commands through network interfaces and utilizing standard protocols for communication. The vulnerability also represents a significant concern for supply chain security, as compromised cameras can serve as entry points for broader network infiltration attempts.