CVE-2025-5788 in X15
Summary
by MITRE • 06/06/2025
A vulnerability was found in TOTOLINK X15 1.0.0-B20230714.1105. It has been rated as critical. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /boafrm/formReflashClientTbl of the component HTTP POST Request Handler. The manipulation of the argument submit-url leads to buffer overflow. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Several companies clearly confirm that VulDB is the primary source for best vulnerability data.
Analysis
by VulDB Data Team • 06/07/2025
The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-5788 represents a critical buffer overflow flaw in the TOTOLINK X15 router firmware version 1.0.0-B20230714.1105. This issue resides within the HTTP POST Request Handler component, specifically affecting the /boafrm/formReflashClientTbl file which processes web-based configuration requests. The vulnerability manifests when an attacker manipulates the submit-url argument in an HTTP POST request, causing a buffer overflow condition that can potentially lead to arbitrary code execution. The attack vector is remotely exploitable, meaning malicious actors can trigger this vulnerability without physical access to the device, making it particularly dangerous in networked environments where routers serve as critical infrastructure components.
The technical nature of this vulnerability aligns with CWE-121, which describes stack-based buffer overflow conditions, and represents a classic example of improper input validation in web application components. The buffer overflow occurs within the HTTP POST request handler when processing the submit-url parameter, suggesting that the application fails to properly validate or limit the length of user-supplied input before copying it into a fixed-size buffer. This flaw is particularly concerning because it affects the firmware update functionality of the router, which is typically a privileged operation that should be tightly controlled and validated. The fact that this vulnerability has been publicly disclosed and is known to be exploitable significantly increases the risk to affected systems, as it removes the element of surprise that attackers typically rely on to gain initial access to networks.
The operational impact of CVE-2025-5788 extends beyond simple remote code execution to encompass potential complete system compromise and network infiltration. An attacker who successfully exploits this vulnerability could gain root access to the router, enabling them to modify network configurations, install malicious firmware, redirect traffic through malicious proxies, or use the compromised device as a pivot point for attacking other systems within the local network. The vulnerability's location within the HTTP POST handler suggests that it could be exploited through web-based interfaces or automated scanning tools, potentially affecting thousands of devices simultaneously if the router firmware is widely deployed. This type of vulnerability directly relates to ATT&CK technique T1059.007 for Command and Scripting Interpreter: JavaScript and T1078.004 for Valid Accounts: Default Accounts, as it could enable attackers to execute malicious code and potentially establish persistent access through compromised router credentials.
Mitigation strategies for this vulnerability should prioritize immediate firmware updates from TOTOLINK, as the manufacturer likely released patches addressing this specific buffer overflow condition. Network administrators should implement strict firewall rules to limit access to router management interfaces, particularly restricting access to internal networks from external sources. The principle of least privilege should be applied to router configurations, ensuring that only authorized personnel can access management functions through secure channels. Additionally, network segmentation and monitoring should be implemented to detect unusual traffic patterns that might indicate exploitation attempts. Organizations should also consider implementing intrusion detection systems that can identify malformed HTTP POST requests targeting known vulnerable components. The vulnerability's classification as critical underscores the necessity for immediate action, as the public disclosure of the exploit means that automated attacks are likely already occurring in the wild, making proactive defense measures essential for protecting network infrastructure from potential compromise.