CVE-2025-5952 in Zend.To
Summary
by MITRE • 06/10/2025
A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in Zend.To up to 6.10-6 Beta. This issue affects the function exec of the file NSSDropoff.php. The manipulation of the argument file_1 leads to os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 6.10-7 is able to address this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. This affects a rather old version of the software. The vendor recommends updating to the latest release.
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Analysis
by VulDB Data Team • 06/10/2025
CVE-2025-5952 represents a critical operating system command injection vulnerability discovered in Zend To version 6.10-6 Beta and earlier releases. This vulnerability resides within the NSSDropoff.php file, specifically in the exec function where the file_1 argument is processed without adequate input validation or sanitization. The flaw allows attackers to inject malicious operating system commands through crafted input parameters, potentially enabling full system compromise. The vulnerability's classification as critical stems from its remote exploitability and the fact that a public exploit has already been disclosed, making it immediately actionable by threat actors. The attack vector requires no special privileges and can be initiated over a network connection, making it particularly dangerous for web applications that process user input through the affected function.
The technical exploitation of this vulnerability occurs when the application processes user-supplied data through the file_1 parameter in the exec function of NSSDropoff.php. When this parameter contains malicious commands, the application executes them with the privileges of the web server process, which typically runs with elevated permissions on the hosting system. This command injection flaw falls under CWE-77, which specifically addresses command injection vulnerabilities in software applications. The vulnerability's impact extends beyond simple code execution to potentially allow attackers to establish persistent access, escalate privileges, or exfiltrate sensitive data from the affected system. The remote nature of the exploit means that attackers do not need physical access to the server, making it particularly dangerous for publicly accessible web applications.
The operational impact of CVE-2025-5952 is severe and multifaceted, potentially enabling attackers to gain complete control over affected systems. An attacker who successfully exploits this vulnerability could execute arbitrary commands on the target server, potentially leading to data breaches, system compromise, or deployment of additional malicious software. The vulnerability's presence in an older version of Zend To means that organizations using this software are at significant risk, especially if they have not implemented proper input validation or have not updated to the latest security patches. This vulnerability directly maps to several tactics in the MITRE ATT&CK framework, including T1059 for command and scripting interpreter and T1068 for exploit for privilege escalation. The affected software's architecture likely processes the file_1 parameter without proper sanitization, creating an attack surface that allows for arbitrary command execution.
Organizations affected by this vulnerability should immediately implement the recommended mitigation strategy of upgrading to version 6.10-7 or later, which contains the necessary patches to address the command injection flaw. Additionally, network administrators should consider implementing temporary network-level mitigations such as firewall rules that restrict access to the vulnerable application or implementing web application firewalls that can detect and block malicious command injection attempts. The vendor's recommendation to update to the latest release is crucial, as newer versions likely contain additional security hardening measures beyond the immediate patch for this specific vulnerability. Organizations should also conduct thorough security assessments of their Zend To installations to identify any other potential vulnerabilities in their deployment, as this particular flaw may indicate broader security issues in the application's architecture. Proper input validation and output encoding should be implemented as defensive measures, even beyond the immediate patch, to prevent similar vulnerabilities from being introduced in the future.