CVE-2002-2226 in TFTP32
Summary
by MITRE
Buffer overflow in tftpd of TFTP32 2.21 and earlier allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a long filename argument.
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Analysis
by VulDB Data Team • 07/13/2025
The vulnerability identified as CVE-2002-2226 represents a critical buffer overflow flaw within the tftpd component of TFTP32 version 2.21 and earlier releases. This issue resides in the Trivial File Transfer Protocol implementation that is commonly used for network booting and firmware updates in embedded systems and network infrastructure devices. The vulnerability specifically manifests when the server processes filename arguments provided by remote clients, creating an opportunity for malicious actors to exploit the unprotected memory allocation.
The technical implementation of this buffer overflow occurs due to insufficient input validation and bounds checking within the filename handling routine of the TFTP server. When a remote attacker sends a specially crafted filename argument exceeding the allocated buffer size, the excess data overflows into adjacent memory regions, potentially corrupting critical program state information including return addresses and function pointers. This condition enables attackers to manipulate the execution flow of the process and inject malicious code that executes with the privileges of the tftpd service, typically running with elevated system permissions.
The operational impact of this vulnerability extends beyond simple remote code execution, as it provides attackers with a persistent foothold within network environments where TFTP services are deployed. Network administrators often use TFTP servers for legitimate purposes such as firmware updates, network booting, and configuration file transfers, making these systems prime targets for exploitation. The vulnerability affects systems where TFTP32 is installed, particularly those in embedded environments, network switches, routers, and other devices that rely on this protocol for operational functions. The remote nature of the attack means that exploitation can occur from any location on the network without requiring physical access or local credentials, significantly expanding the attack surface.
Mitigation strategies for CVE-2002-2226 should prioritize immediate patching of affected TFTP32 installations to version 2.22 or later, which includes proper input validation and buffer size enforcement. Network segmentation and access control measures should be implemented to restrict access to TFTP services to only authorized hosts, reducing the potential attack surface. Additionally, implementing network monitoring and intrusion detection systems can help identify suspicious TFTP traffic patterns that may indicate exploitation attempts. The vulnerability aligns with CWE-121, which describes heap-based buffer overflow conditions, and maps to ATT&CK technique T1059.007 for command and script interpreter execution, as successful exploitation would allow attackers to execute arbitrary commands on the compromised system. Organizations should also consider implementing network access control lists to prevent unauthorized access to TFTP services and regularly audit their network infrastructure for exposed TFTP servers that may be vulnerable to similar buffer overflow conditions.