CVE-2025-30749 in Java SE
Summary
by MITRE • 07/15/2025
Vulnerability in the Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM for JDK, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: 2D). Supported versions that are affected are Oracle Java SE: 8u451, 8u451-perf, 11.0.27, 17.0.15, 21.0.7, 24.0.1; Oracle GraalVM for JDK: 17.0.15, 21.0.7 and 24.0.1; Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition: 21.3.14. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM for JDK, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Oracle Java SE, Oracle GraalVM for JDK, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition. Note: This vulnerability applies to Java deployments, typically in clients running sandboxed Java Web Start applications or sandboxed Java applets, that load and run untrusted code (e.g., code that comes from the internet) and rely on the Java sandbox for security. This vulnerability does not apply to Java deployments, typically in servers, that load and run only trusted code (e.g., code installed by an administrator). CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.1 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
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Analysis
by VulDB Data Team • 11/28/2025
This vulnerability resides within the 2D graphics component of Oracle Java SE and its related GraalVM implementations, representing a critical security flaw that affects multiple version lines including Java SE 8u451, 11.0.27, 17.0.15, 21.0.7, and 24.0.1, along with corresponding GraalVM versions. The vulnerability operates at the intersection of graphics rendering and sandbox security mechanisms, where an attacker can exploit a flaw in how Java processes 2D graphics operations to execute arbitrary code within the Java runtime environment. This represents a sophisticated attack vector that leverages the inherent complexity of graphics rendering systems to bypass traditional security boundaries. The CVSS score of 8.1 indicates a high severity vulnerability that can be exploited remotely without authentication, making it particularly dangerous for environments where untrusted code execution is permitted.
The technical nature of this vulnerability stems from insufficient input validation and memory safety mechanisms within the 2D graphics subsystem, allowing an attacker to craft malicious graphics operations that can trigger buffer overflows, memory corruption, or other exploitation primitives. This flaw specifically targets the Java sandbox model that is designed to isolate untrusted code execution, particularly in web-based applications using Java Web Start or applets. The vulnerability's exploitation requires network access and can be executed through multiple protocols, indicating that it affects the underlying network transport mechanisms rather than specific application interfaces. This aligns with CWE-121, which addresses stack-based buffer overflow conditions, and may also relate to CWE-787, concerning out-of-bounds write operations. The attack surface is particularly concerning because it targets the core graphics rendering capabilities that are frequently used in web applications and client-side deployments.
The operational impact of this vulnerability extends far beyond simple code execution, as successful exploitation can lead to complete system compromise of Java deployments that rely on sandboxed execution models. Attackers can leverage this vulnerability to gain full control over affected systems, potentially enabling them to install malware, steal sensitive data, or disrupt services. The vulnerability's applicability to both client-side applications and server deployments creates a complex risk landscape, though the primary concern lies in client-side execution environments where untrusted code is commonly loaded. This type of vulnerability is particularly dangerous in enterprise environments where Java applets or Web Start applications might still be in use, as these represent legacy attack vectors that continue to pose significant risks. The availability impact is severe since a successful exploit can render the Java runtime environment completely unusable, while confidentiality and integrity impacts are equally devastating as attackers can access, modify, or exfiltrate sensitive information. This vulnerability maps directly to ATT&CK technique T1059.007 for command and scripting interpreter, and potentially T1203 for exploitation for privilege escalation.
Organizations must implement immediate mitigations including disabling Java applet support, removing Java Web Start from client systems, and ensuring that all affected Java installations are updated to patched versions. The recommended approach involves comprehensive patch management strategies targeting specifically the 2D graphics component vulnerabilities, with particular attention to the affected version ranges. System administrators should also consider implementing network segmentation and monitoring to detect potential exploitation attempts, as well as reviewing existing Java deployment configurations to eliminate unnecessary exposure points. The vulnerability's classification as difficult to exploit suggests that while sophisticated attackers could leverage it, organizations should not assume the risk is minimal. Security teams should monitor for indicators of compromise related to unusual Java process behavior, network connections to suspicious external hosts, and anomalous graphics rendering operations. Additionally, organizations should conduct thorough risk assessments of their Java-based applications and consider migrating away from legacy Java applet technologies to modern web standards that provide better security guarantees. The vulnerability highlights the importance of maintaining up-to-date security patches and demonstrates how even well-established security models can be compromised by subtle flaws in complex subsystems like graphics rendering engines.