CVE-2025-44854 in CP900
Summary
by MITRE • 05/01/2025
TOTOLINK CP900 V6.3c.1144_B20190715 was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the setUpgradeUboot function via the FileName parameter. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted request.
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Analysis
by VulDB Data Team • 05/26/2025
The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-44854 affects the TOTOLINK CP900 router model running firmware version V6.3c.1144_B20190715 and represents a critical command injection flaw within the device's upgrade functionality. This vulnerability resides in the setUpgradeUboot function where the FileName parameter is processed without adequate input validation or sanitization, creating an exploitable path for malicious actors to execute arbitrary commands on the affected device. The flaw demonstrates characteristics consistent with CWE-77 and CWE-94, which specifically address command injection vulnerabilities and improper input sanitization in software systems. The affected device operates with elevated privileges during firmware upgrade operations, making the potential impact of command injection particularly severe as attackers could leverage this weakness to gain unauthorized system access.
The technical exploitation of this vulnerability occurs when an attacker crafts a malicious request containing specially formatted input in the FileName parameter of the setUpgradeUboot function. The lack of proper input validation allows the system to interpret and execute arbitrary commands embedded within the FileName value, potentially enabling attackers to manipulate the device's firmware update process. This command injection vulnerability operates at the application layer and can be exploited through network-based attacks without requiring physical access to the device. The vulnerability's impact extends beyond simple command execution as it can potentially allow attackers to modify firmware images, escalate privileges, or even completely compromise the device's operational integrity. The attack surface is particularly concerning given that the vulnerable function is part of the device's firmware upgrade mechanism, which typically requires elevated privileges and has access to critical system resources.
The operational impact of this vulnerability poses significant risks to network security and device integrity. An attacker who successfully exploits this command injection vulnerability could potentially gain root access to the affected router, enabling them to modify network configurations, intercept traffic, redirect connections, or establish persistent backdoors within the network infrastructure. The compromised device could then serve as a foothold for lateral movement within the network, potentially affecting other connected devices and systems. This vulnerability directly impacts the CIA triad by compromising confidentiality through potential data interception, integrity through unauthorized modifications to device configuration or firmware, and availability through potential denial of service scenarios. Organizations relying on TOTOLINK CP900 devices for network infrastructure may face serious security implications, particularly in environments where network segmentation and device security are critical components of overall cybersecurity posture.
Mitigation strategies for CVE-2025-44854 should prioritize immediate firmware updates from TOTOLINK if available, as this represents the most effective approach to remediate the vulnerability. Network administrators should implement network segmentation and access controls to limit exposure of affected devices to untrusted networks. Additional defensive measures include monitoring network traffic for suspicious patterns related to firmware upgrade requests, implementing web application firewalls to filter malicious requests, and conducting regular security assessments of network infrastructure. The vulnerability aligns with several ATT&CK techniques including T1059 for command and scripting interpreter and T1068 for exploit for privilege escalation. Organizations should also consider implementing intrusion detection systems to monitor for exploitation attempts and establish incident response procedures specifically addressing firmware-related vulnerabilities. Device vendors should be encouraged to provide security patches and updates as soon as possible, while network administrators should maintain detailed inventories of all network devices to quickly identify and remediate affected systems. The vulnerability underscores the importance of secure coding practices and input validation in firmware development, particularly for network infrastructure devices that operate with elevated privileges and have direct access to critical network resources.