CVE-2025-32061 in Infotainment System ECU
Summary
by MITRE • 02/15/2026
The specific flaw exists within the Bluetooth stack developed by Alps Alpine of the Infotainment ECU manufactured by Bosch. The issue results from the lack of proper boundary validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a stack-based buffer overflow when receiving a specific packet on the established upper layer L2CAP channel. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to obtain remote code execution on the Infotainment ECU with root privileges.
First identified on Nissan Leaf ZE1 manufactured in 2020.
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Analysis
by VulDB Data Team • 02/20/2026
The vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-32061 represents a critical security flaw within the Bluetooth stack implementation of automotive infotainment systems manufactured by Bosch and utilizing components from Alps Alpine. This issue specifically affects the Infotainment ECU (Electronic Control Unit) and manifests as a stack-based buffer overflow condition that can be exploited to achieve remote code execution with elevated privileges. The vulnerability stems from inadequate input validation mechanisms within the L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol) layer of the Bluetooth communication stack, which is responsible for managing data transmission between Bluetooth devices at the upper layers of the protocol hierarchy.
The technical exploitation of this vulnerability occurs when the affected ECU receives a specially crafted packet through an established L2CAP channel connection. The flaw arises from the absence of proper boundary checks on user-supplied data, allowing an attacker to overflow the allocated stack buffer and potentially overwrite critical memory locations including return addresses and function pointers. This type of vulnerability maps directly to CWE-121, which describes stack-based buffer overflow conditions where insufficient bounds checking permits data to overwrite adjacent memory locations. The attack vector requires an attacker to establish a Bluetooth connection to the vehicle's infotainment system and transmit maliciously formatted data packets, making this a remote attack scenario that does not require physical access to the vehicle.
The operational impact of CVE-2025-32061 is severe given the critical nature of automotive infotainment systems and their increasing integration with vehicle control functions. An attacker who successfully exploits this vulnerability can gain root-level access to the Infotainment ECU, potentially enabling them to execute arbitrary code and establish persistent access to the vehicle's communication network. This remote code execution capability could allow for complete compromise of the vehicle's infotainment system, including unauthorized access to connected devices, data exfiltration, and potentially interference with vehicle functions that rely on the same communication infrastructure. The vulnerability affects Nissan Leaf ZE1 vehicles manufactured in 2020, suggesting that automotive manufacturers may need to implement firmware updates to address the specific implementation flaws within their Bluetooth stack components, particularly those supplied by Alps Alpine.
The exploitation of this vulnerability aligns with tactics described in the MITRE ATT&CK framework under the T1059.007 technique for command and control through remote services, as well as T1566 for initial access through wireless networks. The attack chain typically involves reconnaissance to identify vulnerable vehicle models, followed by establishing Bluetooth connectivity and transmitting malicious payloads designed to trigger the buffer overflow. Automotive security professionals should consider this vulnerability in the context of vehicle cybersecurity frameworks such as ISO/SAE 21434, which addresses the entire lifecycle of automotive cybersecurity, including threat modeling and security risk assessment for connected vehicle components. The presence of such vulnerabilities in automotive systems highlights the critical need for robust input validation and memory safety mechanisms in embedded systems, particularly those handling wireless communications in safety-critical environments where the potential for exploitation could lead to significant safety and security implications.