CVE-2025-41362 in IDF
Summary
by MITRE • 06/06/2025
Code injection vulnerability in IDF v0.10.0-0C03-03 and ZLF v0.10.0-0C03-04. This vulnerability allows an attacker to store malicious payload in software that will run in the victim's browser. Exploiting this vulnerability requires authenticating to the device and executing certain commands that can be executed with view permission.
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Analysis
by VulDB Data Team • 06/06/2025
This vulnerability represents a critical code injection flaw affecting firmware versions of IDF v0.10.0-0C03-03 and ZLF v0.10.0-0C03-04, where an authenticated attacker with view permissions can inject malicious code that executes within the victim's browser environment. The vulnerability stems from insufficient input validation and sanitization mechanisms within the firmware's web interface components, creating an attack surface where user-supplied data is directly incorporated into executable code without proper security controls. This type of vulnerability falls under CWE-94, which specifically addresses "Improper Control of Generation of Code" and aligns with the broader category of code injection attacks that have been extensively documented in cybersecurity frameworks. The attack vector requires legitimate authentication to the device, indicating that the vulnerability operates within the context of a trusted relationship, making it particularly dangerous as it can be exploited by insiders or compromised accounts with view-level privileges.
The technical implementation of this vulnerability involves the firmware's web interface failing to properly validate or sanitize user input before processing it within the browser context. When commands are executed with view permissions, the system processes these inputs without adequate sanitization, allowing an attacker to inject malicious payloads that are subsequently executed in the victim's browser. This creates a persistent threat where the injected code can perform actions such as stealing session cookies, redirecting users to malicious sites, or executing additional attacks against the compromised system. The vulnerability demonstrates poor separation of concerns in the firmware's security architecture, where privilege levels do not effectively isolate input processing from code execution. This weakness can be exploited through various means including cross-site scripting techniques, where the injected code leverages the browser's trust in the legitimate firmware interface to execute malicious operations.
The operational impact of this vulnerability extends beyond simple code injection, as it enables attackers to establish persistent footholds within the device's operational environment. Once successfully exploited, the malicious payload can maintain persistence across browser sessions and potentially escalate privileges within the device's firmware interface. The vulnerability's requirement for view-level permissions suggests that it operates within a role-based access control system that has been misconfigured or inadequately implemented, allowing the least privilege principle to be bypassed. This creates a significant risk for organizations relying on these firmware versions, as it can be exploited by attackers who have gained access to legitimate accounts with minimal privileges. The attack can result in data exfiltration, system compromise, and potential lateral movement within network environments where these devices are deployed, making it a critical concern for cybersecurity teams implementing device security controls.
Mitigation strategies for this vulnerability should focus on implementing comprehensive input validation and sanitization mechanisms within the firmware's web interface components. Organizations should immediately upgrade to patched firmware versions that address the code injection vulnerability and implement additional security controls such as content security policies, input sanitization libraries, and regular security audits of firmware interfaces. The remediation process should include validating all user inputs through strict sanitization routines and implementing proper privilege separation to ensure that view-level permissions cannot be used to execute code injection attacks. Security teams should also deploy network monitoring solutions to detect anomalous behavior patterns that may indicate exploitation attempts, and establish incident response procedures specifically tailored to firmware-based security incidents. This vulnerability highlights the importance of applying the principle of least privilege and implementing robust security controls even within trusted environments, as demonstrated by the attack patterns documented in various cybersecurity frameworks including the MITRE ATT&CK matrix where such vulnerabilities fall under the code injection category and can be leveraged for privilege escalation and persistent access.